Myelodysplastic syndromes are a heterogeneous group of clonal haematopoietic stem cell disorders characterised by ineffective haematopoiesis, cytopenias, and risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukaemia. Risk stratification using IPSS-R and molecular data guides treatment decisions from supportive care and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents to hypomethylating agents and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Luspatercept has established itself as a key treatment for anaemia in lower-risk disease.
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