venous thromboembolism

Venous thromboembolism, encompassing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, affects approximately 10 million people annually and carries significant morbidity and mortality, particularly for proximal DVT and haemodynamically significant PE. Direct oral anticoagulants have largely replaced warfarin due to equivalent efficacy and improved safety profiles. Risk stratification, optimal anticoagulation duration, and management of cancer-associated thrombosis remain active clinical questions.