osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent joint disease globally, characterised by progressive cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation, and subchondral bone changes leading to pain and functional limitation. Management centres on weight reduction, exercise, analgesics, and intra-articular injections, with joint replacement reserved for end-stage disease. Disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug development has accelerated, with nerve growth factor inhibitors, lorecivivint, and intra-articular sustained-release formulations in late-stage trials.