Brain tumours encompass a heterogeneous group of primary and metastatic neoplasms with widely varying prognoses, from highly curable meningiomas to median survival of 15 months in glioblastoma. Surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide remain foundational for malignant glioma; targeted agents show promise in BRAF- and IDH-mutant tumours. Blood-brain barrier penetration and immunotherapy efficacy are the foremost challenges in CNS oncology drug development.
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