Head and neck cancers, predominantly squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, represent the sixth most common cancer globally, with tobacco, alcohol, and HPV as major risk factors. Multimodal treatment combining surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy is standard, while immunotherapy has significantly improved outcomes in recurrent/metastatic disease. HPV vaccination programmes are expected to substantially reduce oropharyngeal cancer incidence over the coming decades.
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