thyroid neoplasms

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, with the majority of papillary and follicular carcinomas carrying an excellent prognosis with appropriate treatment. Risk-stratified management has shifted toward less aggressive approaches for low-risk disease; advanced differentiated and undifferentiated thyroid cancers benefit from multikinase inhibitors and immunotherapy. Next-generation sequencing for RET, BRAF, and RAS mutations guides targeted therapy selection.