urinary bladder neoplasms

Bladder cancer is the tenth most common cancer globally, with non-muscle-invasive disease requiring intensive endoscopic surveillance and intravesical therapy, and muscle-invasive disease treated with radical cystectomy or bladder-preserving trimodality therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have established a new standard for advanced disease; erdafitinib and enfortumab vedotin address biomarker-selected populations. Liquid biopsy and urine biomarkers are advancing non-invasive surveillance strategies.