Renal cell carcinoma, predominantly of the clear cell histology, has seen dramatic improvement in outcomes from combination immunotherapy with nivolumab plus ipilimumab and VEGFR TKI combined with PD-1 inhibitors becoming the new first-line standard. Adjuvant pembrolizumab has demonstrated disease-free survival benefit following resection of high-risk disease. Biomarker development to guide treatment selection across the heterogeneous RCC landscape remains a priority.
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