Pneumonia remains the leading infectious cause of death globally, causing an estimated 2.5 million deaths annually, disproportionately affecting children under 5 and older adults. Management is guided by severity assessment, pathogen probability, and antibiotic stewardship principles, with escalating concern over resistant organism prevalence. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination, RSV prevention, and hospitalisation prevention through early outpatient treatment are public health priorities.
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