hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary liver malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer death globally, arising predominantly in the context of cirrhosis. The therapeutic landscape has been transformed by immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations, with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab and durvalumab plus tremelimumab establishing new first-line standards. Locoregional therapies, TACE, and TARE remain important for intermediate-stage disease.