spinal stenosis

Lumbar spinal stenosis, narrowing of the spinal canal typically due to degenerative changes, causes neurogenic claudication, radiculopathy, and functional limitation predominantly in older adults. Conservative management with physiotherapy, analgesia, and epidural injections is appropriate for most patients; surgical decompression is indicated for progressive or refractory neurological symptoms. Minimally invasive decompression techniques have reduced morbidity in surgical candidates.