Inflammatory bowel disease, encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, affects over 10 million people globally, with rising incidence in newly industrialised countries. The therapeutic landscape has expanded substantially with biologics, small molecules, and targeted immunomodulators, but achieving sustained deep remission and mucosal healing remains a central clinical challenge. Faecal microbiota transplantation and precision medicine approaches are shaping future management strategies.
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